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federal
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音标：英 ['fed(ə)r(ə)l] 美 ['fɛdərəl]
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解释：
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adj. 联邦的；同盟的
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n. 北部联邦同盟盟员；北京连邦软件产业发展公司，国内主要的正版软件经销商
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n. (Federal)人名；(英)费德勒尔
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中文词源：
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federal 联邦的来自federation, 联盟。
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英文词源：
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federal
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federal: [17] The modern political use of federal and its various derivatives is a comparatively recent development, ushered in by the formation of the USA in the late 18th century. Its original meaning was ‘of a league or treaty’ (it was formed from Latin foedus ‘league, treaty’, which came from the same ultimate Indo-European base – *bhidh-, *bhoidh- – as faith), and its application to a ‘joining together of states into a single unit’ seems to have arisen from such phrases as federal union, which would originally have meant ‘union by treaty’.
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=> confide, defy, faith, perfidy
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federal (adj.)
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1640s, as a theological term (in reference to "covenants" between God and man), from French fédéral, an adjective formed from Latin foedus (genitive foederis) "covenant, league, treaty, alliance," from PIE *bhoid-es-, from root *bheidh- "to trust" (which also is the source of Latin fides "faith;" see faith).
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Secular meaning "pertaining to a covenant or treaty" (1650s) led to political sense of "formed by agreement among independent states" (1707), from use of the word in federal union "union based on a treaty" (popularized during formation of U.S.A. 1776-1787) and like phrases. Also from this period in U.S. history comes the sense "favoring the central government" (1788) and the especial use of the word (as opposed to confederate) to mean a state in which the federal authority is independent of the component parts within its legitimate sphere of action. Used from 1861 in reference to the Northern forces in the American Civil War.
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双语例句：
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1. The federal government hiked the tax on hard liquor.
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联邦政府提高了烈性酒的税率。
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来自柯林斯例句
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2. More vigorous action is needed to force the federal army to disengage.
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需要更强有力的行动来迫使联邦军队撤军。
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来自柯林斯例句
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3. He does not believe in a federal Europe with centralising powers.
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他认为一个集权式联邦制在欧洲是不可行的。
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来自柯林斯例句
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4. Twenty eight percent of the federal budget is spent on defense.
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28%的联邦预算用于国防。
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来自柯林斯例句
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5. The federal government controls just 6% of the education budget.
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联邦政府仅掌控6％的教育预算。
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来自柯林斯例句
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更多相关例句：
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a federal republic
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联邦共和国【牛津词典】
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a federal law
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联邦法【牛津词典】
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state and federal income taxes
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州政府和联邦政府征收的所得税【牛津词典】
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federally funded health care
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由联邦政府拨款的保健【牛津词典】
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Five of the six provinces are to become autonomous regions in a new federal system of government.
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在新的联邦政府体制中，6 省中的 5 个将成为自治区。【柯林斯高阶英语词典】
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He does not believe in a federal Europe with centralising powers.
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他认为一个集权式联邦制在欧洲是不可行的。【柯林斯高阶英语词典】
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The federal government controls just 6% of the education budget.
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联邦政府仅掌控 6％的教育预算。【柯林斯高阶英语词典】
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...a federal judge.
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联邦法官【柯林斯高阶英语词典】
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Line of sight is another issue in wireless technology.
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通信视线是无线技术中的另一个问题.【期刊摘选】
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The Republicans made a great whoop and a holler about the honesty of federal employees.
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共和党人大肆宣传联邦政府官员的廉洁问题.【《现代汉英综合大词典》】
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Switzerland is a federal republic.
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瑞士是一个联邦共和国.【《简明英汉词典》】
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The federal authorities deported him for illegal entry.
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联邦当局因他非法入境而将他驱逐.【《简明英汉词典》】
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The federal government gambled hundreds of thousands of dollars in research funds to work on the project.
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联邦政府为了这项研究计划冒险动用了好几十万美元的资金.【《简明英汉词典》】
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A federal judge upheld the undercover Methods: Used in the case.
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一位联邦法官主张在此案中使用秘密的方法.【《简明英汉词典》】
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The federal government apportioned money among the states.
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联邦政府在各州间分配资金.【《简明英汉词典》】
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The schools are screaming for federal aid.
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那些学校强烈要求联邦政府的援助.【《简明英汉词典》】
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the Federal Bureau of Investigation
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联邦调查局【《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》】
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state and federal income taxes
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州政府和联邦政府征收的所得税【《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》】
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He lowballed the cost of the project in order to obtain federal funding.
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他为了得到联邦资助而故意压低项目的成本价格。【《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》】
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You'll be facing a Federal rap for aiding and abetting an escaped convict.
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因涉嫌协助和教唆越狱囚犯，你将面临联邦指控。【柯林斯例句】
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Refugees had come under attack from federal troops.
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难民遭到了联邦军队的袭击。【柯林斯例句】
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The Congressional Budget Office says the federal deficit shows every sign of getting larger.
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国会预算办公室说有种种的迹象表明联邦赤字正在增加。【柯林斯例句】
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Many business groups have been pressing the Federal Reserve to loosen interest rates.
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不少企业集团一直在向联邦储备委员会施压，要求其放松利率管制。【柯林斯例句】
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Twenty eight percent of the federal budget is spent on defense.
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28%的联邦预算用于国防。【柯林斯例句】
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The federal government controls just 6% of the education budget.
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联邦政府仅掌控6％的教育预算。【柯林斯例句】
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Federal leaders continued their efforts to secure a ceasefire.
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联邦领导人继续争取促成停火协议。【柯林斯例句】
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Then Mr. Kamenar, acting on a hunch, ran a computer check at the Federal Election Commission.
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然后卡姆纳尔先生凭直觉在联邦选举委员会的计算机系统中进行了查询。【柯林斯例句】
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The federal Head Start program, launched 50 years ago, has served more than 30 million children.【出自-2016年6月阅读原文】
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Unfortunately, many federal and state laws impose post-conviction restrictions on a shockingly large number of Americans, who are prevented from ever fully paying their debt to society.【出自-2015年12月阅读原文】
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The only industries swelling their payrolls are health care, utilities and the federal government.【出自-2013年6月阅读原文】
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He also urged the Federal Trade Commission to set guidelines for social-networking sites.【出自-2012年6月阅读原文】
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To conform to the Federal guidelines【出自-2012年6月阅读原文】
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The same year, the Federal Aviation Authority required that the boxes, which were never actually black, be painted orange or yellow to aid visibility.【出自-2010年6月阅读原文】
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Why did the Federal Aviation Authority require the black boxes be painted orange or yellow【出自-2010年6月阅读原文】
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They are owned by individuals and by private businesses and corporations, lending institutions, direct mailing and telemarketing firms, credit bureaus, credit card companies, and government agencies at the local, state, and federal level.【出自-2013年6月听力原文】
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"I think we're unique as a federal agency," USPS official Mike Swigart told me, "because we're in literally every community in this country."【2019年12月四级真题（第二套）阅读 Section B】
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Along with this effort, we're working with animal advocates and state and federal lawmakers to strengthen anti-cruelty laws across the country, as well as supporting laws and policies that assist overburdened animal shelters that care for animal fighting 【2016年12月四级真题（第三套）阅读 Section A】
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Back in June, the Federal Communications Commission fined AT&T $100 million over accusations that the carrier secretly reduced wireless speeds after customers consumed a certain amount of data.【2017年6月四级真题（第二套）阅读 Section A】
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In a 2011 USPS case study, the agency emphasized its massive infrastructure as a "unique federal asset" to be called upon in a disaster or terrorist attack.【2019年12月四级真题（第二套）阅读 Section B】
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One official says USPS is unique in that it has more direct reach to communities compared with other federal agencies.【2019年12月四级真题（第二套）阅读 Section B】
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The companies developing self-driving vehicles should be partnering with state and federal authorities to offer retraining for this massive workforce, many of whom will be displaced by the new technology.【2018年12月四级真题（第三套）阅读 Section C】
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The decision involved months of lobbying and coordinated conversations between a number of federal agencies.【2018年6月四级真题（第一套）听力 Section A】
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Manufacturers of products that claim to be environmentally friendly will face tighter rules on how they are advertised to consumers under changes proposed by the Federal Trade Commission.【出自-2016年6月阅读原文】
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This year's electronics show featured the presence of many officials from the federal government.【出自-2016年12月阅读原文】
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Secretary Anthony Foxx, to talk about smart cities, and Federal Aviation Administration Administrator Michael Huerta, to talk about drones.【出自-2016年12月阅读原文】
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In addition to many senior officials from the Federal Trade and Federal Communications commissions, this year's list of policy makers also includes appearances from Transportation Curran, the Accenture analyst, said that increased government interest in the show makes sense as technology becomes a larger part of our lives.【出自-2016年12月阅读原文】
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The other half will have to wait, as authorities of America's Federal Aviation Administration ( ' , FAA) and National Transportation Safety Board work out what went wrong.【出自-2015年12月阅读原文】
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Like many first-generation students, he enrolled in a medium-sized state university many of his high school peers were also attending, received a Pell Grant, and took out some small federal loans to cover other costs.【出自-2015年12月阅读原文】
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Higher education institutions are, under federal law, required to report graduation rates, but these reports typically only include Pell recipient number—not necessarily rates specific to first-generation students.【出自-2015年12月阅读原文】
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Government bonds are a secure investment because these bonds have the financial backing and full faith and credit of the federal government.【出自-2014年6月阅读原文】
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Amid the current concerns about the federal deficit, reaching toward the stars seems a dispensable luxury—as if saving one-thousandth of a single year's budget would solve our problems.【出自-2013年12月阅读原文】
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Scholars will debate which interventions this time - the Federal Reserve's support of a failing credit system, guarantees of bank debt, Obama's ''stimulus" plan and bank "stress test" - counted most in preventing a recurrence.【出自-2013年6月阅读原文】
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In addition, almost all of the 532 billion the federal government provides for university research is awarded competitively.【出自-2012年6月阅读原文】
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The stack of congressional regulations governing federal student grants and loans now stands twice a】
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